Technical Potential for Hydropower Capacity at Nonpowered Dams Readme


Authors:
Carly Hansen, Juan Gallego Calderon, Camilo Bastidas Pacheco, Cleve Davis, Rohit Mendadhala, Glenn Russell


Citation:
Hansen, CH, J Gallego Calderon, C Bastidas Pachecho, C Davis, R Mendadhala, and G Russell. 2025. Technical Potential for Hydropower Capacity at Nonpowered Dams. HydroSource. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. https://hydrosource.ornl.gov/data/datasets/hydropower-capacity-us-npd/


File Descriptions:
TechPotentialNPDs.csv: Contains the estimates of technical potential capacity at dams in the conterminous US based on historical data
TechPotentialNPDs_field_descriptions.csv: A data dictionary describing the fields in TechPotentialNPDs.csv.


Abstract:
In the last decade, retrofits of existing nonpowered dams (NPDs) have made up the largest share of capacity increases for US hydropower. Accurate estimates of potential capacity and generation at NPDs help identify sites that may be worth investing in detailed feasibility analyses and design exploration. 
This dataset contains estimates of technical potential capacity and generation at 2,616 NPDs in the conterminous US. This is based on a subset of dams that were found by earlier resource assessments to have at least 100kW of theoretical potential. 
Historical daily streamflow (modeled or from USGS gauge records) and hydraulic head (based on historical observations or primary purpose and dam height) are the main inputs to the HydroGenerate model, which determines design flow, turbine efficiencies, and assumed friction losses and then calculates nominal capacity, daily generation, and capacity factor. 
These estimates represent the conditions over the historical period of 1980-2015, and are summarized on a monthly basis (i.e., averaged for each month of the year) and overall (i.e., nominal capacity, average annual generation (MWh), and average annual capacity factor). A total of nearly 4 GW capacity is estimated across all 2,616 NPDs included in the dataset.

Methodology:
Data were acquired from the NID (USACE, 2024), and subset based on estimated hydropower potential from the 2012 resource assessment (Hadjerioua et al, 2012) and spatial proximity to the National Hydrography Dataset, medium resolution network (NHDPlusV2). 
Design flow was determined as the 30% exceedance flow based on historical modeled streamflow data (Ganesh et al, 2024) or observed streamflow records from USGS gages. 
Turbine type, efficiency, and nominal capacity were then calculated, along with a daily time series of estimated generation. 
Finally, capacity factor was determined on a daily basis (daily generation compared to the 24-hour generation at design capacity). 
All of these values were summarized on a monthly and annual basis.

Related Datasets:
Estimates of theoretical potential, greater than 1MW
Hadjerioua, B., Wei, Y. and Kao, S.C., 2012. An Assessment of Energy Potential at Non-Powered Dams in the United States. GPO DOE/EE-0711, Wind and Water Power Program, Department of Energy, DC.

References:

Ganesh R. Ghimire, Shih-Chieh Kao and Sudershan Gangrade. 2024. Dayflow: CONUS Daily Streamflow Reanalysis, Version 2. HydroSource, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. https://doi.org/10.13139/OLCF/2222888
Hadjerioua, B., Wei, Y. and Kao, S.C., 2012. An Assessment of Energy Potential at Non-Powered Dams in the United States. GPO DOE/EE-0711, Wind and Water Power Program, Department of Energy, DC.
USACE. 2024. National Inventory of Dams. Retrieved February 23, 2024. Available at https://nid.usace.army.mil/#/downloads


Dataset contacts:
Carly Hansen: hansench@ornl.gov
Juan Gallego Calderon: juan.gallegocalderon@inl.gov  

Acknowledgement:
Funding and support were provided by the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Water Power Technology Office through Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC